August 9 - The Haunted Mansion

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On this day, in 1969, a swinging wake began in New Orleans Square in Disneyland as the Haunted Mansion welcomed its first happy haunts… er, guests. Walt Disney had always envisioned that a spooky attraction would be part of his theme park. Even in the early days, when he was only thinking about filling a couple of acres right across the street from the studio, one of the buildings was going to be a walk-through haunted house. As the plans for the Mickey Mouse Park grew and morphed into Disneyland and specifically themed areas of the park came into being, the spook-house ended up getting shelved. Ghosts just didn’t fit in on Main Street USA or in the jungles of Adventureland. The idea wasn’t forgotten though. When Disneyland was slated to get its first new land, the theme of the area was antebellum New Orleans, a perfect venue for pirates and ghosts alike.

Both Pirates of the Caribbean and the Haunted Mansion were originally conceived of as much smaller walkthrough attractions. As plans began to move forward on New Orleans Square, Walt assigned Legendary Imagineer Ken Anderson to develop the haunted house. One of the first designs Ken came up with was a dilapidated manor, overgrown with weeds and boarded up windows. Walt took one look at the drawing and said there was no way he was going to allow a run-down building in his theme park. After a visit to the famous (some would say infamous) Winchester House in San Jose, Walt’s haunted plan, of course, grew much bigger and the building evolved into a stately mansion.

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Ken then began writing all sorts of spooky little stories that could be played out in the individual rooms of the mansion. One involved a sea captain who ends up killing his bride then hanging himself. Another showcased a ghostly wedding party. There was even a tale about a cursed family who lived out their unfortunate lives (and deaths) in the house. Two more Legendary Imagineers, Rolly Crump and Yale Gracey, were put in charge of creating special effects based on each of the stories. And if parts of these grisly sagas seem familiar, it’s because elements from all of them made it into the final attraction. But there are several roadblocks to get around before we get to that point.

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In 1961, Disneyland began handing out flyers to entering guests announcing that the Haunted Mansion would be opening in 1963. Construction on the building, though, didn’t begin until 1962 and the only thing that was actually finished by the next year was the exterior of the building. This first delay can be directly blamed on the company’s involvement with the 1964 World’s Fair. Every available bit of Imagineering man (and woman) power was diverted into the four attractions Disney had been contracted to build for the New York extravaganza. Because of the success of the boat system of it’s a small world, the decision was made to use it on Pirates of the Caribbean. That resulted in a major overhaul of that attraction and the construction of another building to put it in. The Haunted Mansion was delayed again.

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Following the Fair, Ken Anderson had moved on to other projects but several more Legendary Imagineers came on board including Marc Davis, Xavier Atencio and Claude Coats. In the intervening years, Rolly Crump had developed several ideas centering on weird objects like coffin clocks and man-eating plants that were going to be placed in a Museum of the Weird themed restaurant. Meanwhile the two guys who were doing the main designing of the attraction as a whole, Marc and Claude, were at odds with each other over the Mansion’s tone. Marc wanted it to be silly and light while Claude wanted it to be actually scary. Then, in the midst of all this activity, Walt died and his death would cause another delay.

In the aftermath of Walt’s passing, the Disney company did everything it could to keep from descending into chaos. Projects that had already gotten the green light, continued on as best they could, even if there was now some confusion as to who had the final say on any design plans. The team working on the Haunted Mansion used this uncertainty to their advantage. Walt was really the only one who had been pushing for a walk-through attraction. Imagineers wanted a ride, even going so far as to say that they would need to build two identical walk-throughs to combat the loss in capacity that sort of attraction brought on. They were helped by the development of the Omnimover ride system that was first introduced in the summer of 1967 on Adventure Thru Inner Space.

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By modifying the ride vehicles from Inner Space (mostly making them black instead of blue but also implementing mechanical improvements they’d already learned from the systems practical debut), the Haunted Mansion would be a high capacity ride that also gave Imagineers precise control on how the effects would play to guests. Of course this meant that the attraction would need a complete design overhaul, but after Pirates, everyone was used to that. X Atencio solved the dispute on tone between Marc and Claude by melding the two views into the show that we know and love today and construction on the interior of the Mansion finally began.

By August 1969, well over a decade and a half after becoming a glitter in Walt’s eye, the Haunted Mansion was ready. From August 6-8, Disneyland cast members were invited to step into a Doom-buggy (as the ride vehicles are known) to experience the Mansion’s hot and cold running chills. Then, on the morning of August 9, the first guests got to see what they years of hype were all about. Things didn’t run perfectly at first, especially an effect known as the hatbox ghost. While the figure’s head had disappeared from its neck and reappeared in the box it was carrying perfectly in the warehouse where all these things were tested, Imagineers couldn’t get the lighting just right in the attraction to pull it off. After just a few days, the hatbox ghost was removed (he would reappear in the Disneyland version of the ride in 2015 when new technology made him much more possible; here in Florida we’re still waiting…). Other than that, though, the ride was a hit and really helped prove to the world that the Disney magic could continue even after the man was no longer among us. Disneyland attendance, which had seriously flagged since Walt’s death, surged once again.

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The Haunted Mansion was so popular at Disneyland, that it was included in the design of the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World which opened just two years later. You can also ride it in Tokyo Disneyland and there is a very similar attraction in Disneyland Paris called Phantom Manor (think of that one like a Western themed Mansion). Incidentally, those four versions of the Haunted Mansion, located in four different Disney theme parks, are also in four different lands within those parks. Mansion’s address is in New Orleans Square in Disneyland, Liberty Square in the Magic Kingdom, Fantasyland in Tokyo and Frontierland in Paris. No other multi-park attraction can boast the same thing. There is a Mansion inspired attraction in Hong Kong Disneyland as well, Mystic Manor, but because the Chinese people have vastly different views of the afterlife from other cultures, there is no mention of spirits or the departed in it. Instead inanimate objects come spookily to life. Still creepy, just different.

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For those of you who noticed how often I used the word Legendary when talking about the people who worked on the Haunted Mansion, that wasn’t even a tiny bit of overkill. The number of people who worked on this attraction and went on to become official Disney Legends is almost mind blowing. And I didn’t even mention half of them. There is a place you can find references to most of them though. The next time you’re waiting in line for the ride and you’re reading all the silly tombstones and monuments scattered about the queue, every one of those names you see honors someone who made a contribution to the Mansion. And since all but one of them (Rolly Crump is still kicking at 89) have passed away since the doors first creaked open, I’m sure they can now be found among its 999 residents. Which really, in my opinion, only makes it more enticing to volunteer to be the thousandth…

July 26 - Buddy Baker

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On this day, in 2002, Norman Dale Baker passed away in Hollywood, California. Born in Springfield, Missouri on January 4, 1918, Buddy, as most people called him, learned to read music before he could read lyrics. He began playing the piano at the age of 4, learned the trumpet at 11 and had formed his own band by his teen years. He studied music at Southwest Baptist University, eventually earning his doctorate in it before moving to Los Angeles in 1938.

Buddy began his professional career as a trumpet player and musical arranger on the radio programs of the day. He started on The Bob Hope Show before moving on to Jacky Benny and Eddie Cantor's shows. When World War II started, he returned to Bob Hope and became his show's musical director. Buddy brought big band leader Stan Kenton to the show and arranged Ken's first big hit, And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine. Following the war, he added Professor to his resume taking a job at Los Angeles City College in their school of music. He wasn't above helping out his students though. In 1954, he composed the hit jazz song Journey into Love with drummer Louis Bellson. And then one day later that same year, he got a call from another former student, George Bruns, who worked over at the Walt Disney Studio.

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George was looking for someone to compose some music for a couple of episodes of the Disneyland television series and he thought of his former professor. Buddy agreed to spend a couple of weeks at the studio coming up with something for Davy Crockett and the River Pirates. It ended up being a really long two weeks as Buddy wouldn't retire from Disney until 29 years later. In those three decades, he became the studio's musical director and one of the most prolific composers Disney ever had.

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Buddy wasn't as flashy as his contemporaries at the studio. Most people have at least heard of the Sherman Brothers, and don't get me wrong, Robert and Richard Sherman produced some fantastic work over the years, but even though you might not know Buddy's name, a walk through any of Disney's theme parks would be awfully quiet if none of his work existed. The first category we'll talk about is movie scores. He did dozens of them for Disney but a short list of his live action work would have to include Summer Magic, The Monkey's Uncle, The Gnome-Mobile, The Million Dollar Duck, The Apple Dumpling Gang, The Shaggy D.A. and Hot Lead Cold Feet. In 1972, he earned an Oscar nomination for Napoleon and Samantha, which also happened to be Jodie Foster's screen debut. On the animated side of things, Buddy scored several shorts including the classic Donald in Mathmagicland and all three of the original Winnie the Pooh shorts (including additional material for the 1977 Winnie the Pooh feature). In 1981, he made his second foray into animated features providing the score for The Fox and the Hound.

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As impressive as Buddy's film work is, it's in the category of music written for theme parks that some of his most recognizable tunes occur. His most famous song has to be Grim Grinning Ghosts which he wrote with fellow Legend Xavier Atencio for the Haunted Mansion. He also scored the eerie music that can be heard throughout that same attraction. Buddy and Xavier also wrote the original music that is used in the classic Country Bear Jamboree show and the song It's Fun to Be Free for the World of Motion pavilion at EPCOT. Buddy's other music written and arranged for attractions includes The Universe of Energy, America Sings, If You Had Wings, Kitchen Kabaret, Impressions de France, the American Adventure and Tokyo Disneyland's Journey to the Center of the Earth and Sinbad's Seven Voyages. Buddy also came out of retirement briefly in the nineties to arrange his own music for the various Winnie the Pooh rides that popped up in Disney theme parks at that time.

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By the time Buddy retired in 1983, he had over 200 Disney credits to his name. Much of the background music you hear just walking through areas of parks like the Mexican Pavilion at Epcot or Tomorrowland in Disneyland is arrangements of his compositions. When he left Disney, Buddy also had the distinction of being the last composer at a major Hollywood studio. They literally don't make them like him anymore. Buddy didn't stay retired for very long, though. In 1987 he became the director of the University of Southern California's Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television program and taught courses there for the remainder of his life. He received the ASCAP Foundation Life Time Achievement Award in 1999 and having already been declared an official Disney Legend the year before. Three years later, Buddy would pass away from natural causes at the age of 84.

January 2 - World of Motion

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On this day, in 1996, the last guests rode the World of Motion attraction in Future World at Epcot. Built as one of Epcot's opening day attractions, World of Motion had some heavy hitters behind its development. Animator Ward Kimball, one of Walt's Nine Old Men, actually designed the attraction. If you didn't know that Ward dabbled in ride creation that would be because this was the one and only time he ever did. His brand of humor was evident throughout, from cavemen blowing on their overheated feet to the world's first traffic jam involving a horse and an ice truck.

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Ward got some help from a couple more Disney Legends for the ride's theme song. Buddy Baker composed the music and Imagineer Xavier Atencio wrote the lyrics to It's Fun to Be Free. One of the unique aspects of Free is that unlike most attractions where the same version of a song might get repeated at different points (think about Pirates of the Caribbean), for World of Motion the song kept changing to suit the changing periods in history. It had a ragtime feel for one scene, an Asian sound in another and at one point was played exclusively on a kazoo. All due to the genius of Buddy.

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The ride itself took guests on a tour through the history of transportation narrated by Gary Owens, best known as the announcer on Laugh-In. World of Motion boasted on of the largest casts of Audio-Animatronic figures ever assembled with a total of 188 characters. At the end of the line, literally taking a page from the Haunted Mansion, guests saw their Omnimover vehicles transformed into cars of the future through a Pepper's Ghost illusion. After disembarking, guests moved into a mini Innoventions type area dedicated almost exclusively to cars. Exhibits spanned topics on everything from how wind tunnels help make cars more fuel efficient to an Audio-Animatronic show about assembly lines. The most popular part was, as always, the concept cars on display.

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The whole shebang was sponsored by General Motors from its opening to its closing. After Ford's successful sponsorship of the Disney produced Magic Skyway ride at the 1964 World's Fair, GM wasn't about to miss out again. They signed a 10 year deal just to begin with, renewed several times and still sponsor the replacement attraction today.

Speaking of the replacement attraction, it was GM who would ultimately spell out the demise of World of Motion. In the early Nineties, sales began to slump for them and they felt a new attraction devoted to cars and cars only, not the whole of transportation, would be a better use of their sponsorship money. Since World of Motion was beginning to show its age at that point, Disney agreed and Test Track was created. Even though I personally miss the charm of the old ride, it was ultimately a smart move. While Test Track was plagued with problems and delays in its early days, it is now one of the most popular rides in all of the Florida Project, although the concept cars at the end are still, arguably, the best part.

October 4 - Yale Gracey

On this day, in 1975, Imagineer Yale Gracey retired after 36 years with the Walt Disney Company. Yale  was born on September 3, 1910 in Shanghai, China. As the son of the American Consul there, he was educated at an English boarding school. After graduation, he moved to the United States and would attend the Art CenterSchool of Design in Los Angeles. In 1939, Yale became an animator at the Walt Disney Studio as a layout artist. But his real talent wouldn’t emerge until years later.

Yale was fascinated from an early age by two things: building gadgets and magic. Popular Mechanics magazine had published a set of books called The Boy Mechanic in the early 1910s. The books contained hundreds of projects boys to build (the only picture of a girl in any of the books was of one building a lampshade). One page might feature a tie rack, the next would explain how to build your own coal furnace. Some of the plans, like the ones requiring sulfuric acid, would never be shown to boys (or girls) today. But those books fostered the tinker in Yale and resulted in some pretty spectacular effects in Disney attractions.

Yale worked on Pinocchio and Fantasia before creating layouts and backgrounds for the Shorts Department. During his lunch hours, he would work on various little gadgets and always had several cluttering up his desk. One day, when Walt was poking around the offices, looking at what everyone was working on, he saw a setup on Yale’s desk that gave the illusion of falling snow. Walt was impressed and basically gave Yale carte blanche to work on creating more effects. When the Shorts Department was phased out soon afterward, Yale was one of the few people who stayed with the company.

From 1959 on, Yale was a member of WED Enterprises, the division of the company that later became Imagineering. He frequently teamed up with Rolly Crump, updating effects in rides like the volcano scene in Peter Pan’s Flight. His contribution to the Carousel of Progress for the 1964 World’s Fair was something he called a pixie dust projector. It blocked out everything on stage during  scene changes and was used again in Space Mountain to make the coaster’s structure disappear. He created the illusion of fireflies for the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, even though he'd never actually seen a firefly. His most beloved effects, though, were of a spookier nature.

One of the projects in The Boy Mechanic was for an illusion called “Pepper’s Ghost.” It had been developed in 1862 by Henry Pepper for his magic act. Yale would perfect this illusion for the Haunted Mansion. All the ghosts in the dining room area, that appear and disappear, are done using this simple yet highly effective method. The original Hitchhiking Ghosts at the end of the ride were also done that way. From the skeleton trying to escape from the coffin in the conservatory to the single floating candlestick in the infinite hallway, Yale and Rolly created enough eerie effects to fill a Haunted Mansion twice as big as what was built, even though most of them would never be used. When the attraction was changed from a walk-through to a ride-through, a lot of their effects had to be cut because they had cycles that were too long. Years later, Rolly still lamented the loss of a room with a skeletal sea captain and the bride he’d bricked into the fireplace. And while Yale enjoyed the comedic haunts he helped create, he always wanted to do a really scary attraction saying “Some of the illusions that weren’t used in the Haunted Mansion would send chills through anyone I know.”

Now anyone who is a fan of the Haunted Mansion might be saying to themselves “Wait. I’ve heard that name Gracey before. Isn’t that the former owner of the mansion whose portrait hangs in the foyer?” The answer is yes, you have heard that name in connection with the Mansion before but no, he is not the man in the Dorian Grey-like picture just inside the front doors. This is a myth that I myself have been guilty of perpetuating. To honor all of Yale’s contributions to the attraction, Xavier Atencio, lead Imagineer on the project, did give him a gravestone in the queue. It reads “Master Gracey, laid to rest, no mourning please, at his request.” The word master, however, is not designating him as lord of the manor. Instead it means a boy who isn’t old enough to be called a Mister. This is a reference not only to Yale’s boyish enthusiasm but to the fact that his obsessions with magic and gadgets as a boy made the Haunted Mansion what it is today.

Following his retirement, Yale, like a lot of folks integral to the early years of Disney, continued to consult on projects for years to come. He would even add effects to attractions at EPCOT Center, including the “CenterCore” finale to World of Motion. His life, though, would meet a tragic end. On September 5, 1983, two days after his 73^rd birthday, he would be murdered in his sleep, his wife critically injured. No motive or suspects were ever uncovered. In 1999, Yale would become an official Disney Legend, fondly remembered as the self-taught gadget guy who could make the impossible come true.

Also on this day, in American history: John B Kelly Sr

September 4 - Francis Xavier Atencio

On this day, in 1919, Francis Xavier Atencio was born in Walsenburg, Colorado.

Xavier, who frequently went by simply X, moved to Los Angeles, California in 1937 to attend the Chouinard Art Institute. A shy but talented young man, his instructors had to almost force him to submit his work to the Disney Studio for consideration for a job. X later managed to amuse his neighbors when he went running by their houses shouting at the top of his lungs "I got a job at Disney!".

X joined the Disney Studio in 1938 and three years later he was an assistant animator working on Fantasia. By then World War II was heating up for America. X left the studio to join the United States Army Air Forces as a photo interpreter. Stationed in England, he spent over three years analyzing aerial surveillance pictures for information to pass on to the boys at the front. Serving with the 2nd Photo Tech Squadron, X attained the rank of captain before being discharged in 1945.

Upon his return to the Disney Studio, X went right to work as an animator in the shorts department. In 1953, he received his first screen credit for the Academy Award winning "Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom". X also contributed to two other Oscar nominated films: the first stop motion animated film produced by the studio, 1959's "Noah's Ark", and 1962's "A Symposium on Popular Songs." He would become something of an expert on title sequences for live action movies, helping to create the openings for the likes of The Parent Trap, Babes in Toyland and Mary Poppins. You can even find evidence of his artistry in the "I'm No Fool" series that originally ran on the Mickey Mouse Club. But some of his greatest work was yet to come.

 In 1965, Walt asked X to change departments and join the team at WED Enterprises, the group that eventually became known as Imagineers. The first project he worked on was re-purposing animatronic dinosaurs from the 1964 World's Fair Ford pavilion into a scenic view for the Disneyland Railroad.  X then began not only writing scripts for some of most beloved Disney attractions of all time, he wrote music for them, too, much to his own surprise. He once said "I didn't even know I could write music, but somehow Walt did."

The next attraction of X's to open was Pirates of the Caribbean, in early 1967. He wrote the show script for it, wrote its theme song, "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)" and provided various voices for it. The next ride boasting an X Atencio script was Adventure Thru Inner Space, opening later the same year. Two years later, in 1969, another X masterpiece opened: The Haunted Mansion. Again, he wrote the script, its theme song, "Grim Grinning Ghosts" and his voice can be heard coming from the coffin in the conservatory. As an added bonus, if you ever get stuck on the Disneyland version of Mansion, X provides the emergency spiel.

X's contributions to Disney attractions continued throughout the 1970s. When the Florida Project came along, X wrote lyrics for Buddy Baker's theme music for If You Had Wings and helped design Space Mountain. When plans for Epcot began rolling out, he had a hand in Spaceship Earth, World of Motion and the Mexico Pavilion. And, just so the sun will never set on his handiwork, in 1983, X made multiple trips to Tokyo Disneyland to supervise all the recordings that went into their version of the Haunted Mansion.

X retired in 1984 after spending 47 years creating a spectacular body of work for the Walt Disney Company. He was officially declared a Disney Legend in 1996 and passed away at the ripe old age of 98 in 2017.